The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been a subject of debate among geographers. This theory posits that the physical environment, particularly climate and topography, directly shapes human behavior and societal development. Early proponents, such as Ellsworth Huntington, argued that temperate climates fostered industriousness and innovation, while tropical regions supposedly led to lethargy and stagnation. However, this perspective has been heavily criticized for its simplification and potential to justify colonialism and racial hierarchies. Modern scholarship emphasizes 'possibilism', which acknowledges that while the environment offers constraints and opportunities, human agency and cultural choices play a pivotal role. For instance, the Netherlands, despite its cold, damp climate, has achieved remarkable agricultural productivity through technological innovation. Thus, contemporary geographers view the environment as one of many factors, not a deterministic force, in shaping human societies.
❓ Según el pasaje, ¿por qué ha sido criticado el determinismo ambiental?
A. A. Sobreenfatiza el papel de la agencia humana en el desarrollo societal.
B. B. Simplifica en exceso la relación entre el entorno y la sociedad y ha sido utilizada para justificar prácticas poco éticas.
C. C. Ignora por completo el impacto del clima en el comportamiento humano.
D. D. Solo es aplicable a regiones tropicales y no a las templadas.
✅ 正确答案
B. It oversimplifies the relationship between environment and society and has been used to justify unethical practices.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
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Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
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