The concept of 'environmental determinism,' which posits that human behavior and societal development are largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions, has been a subject of intense debate among geographers. Proponents in the 19th century, such as Ellen Churchill Semple, argued that temperate climates fostered industriousness, while tropical regions bred lethargy. However, this view was later criticized for its oversimplification and potential to justify colonialism. Modern scholars advocate for 'possibilism,' suggesting that while the environment sets constraints, human innovation and cultural choices play a pivotal role in overcoming these limitations. For instance, the Netherlands, despite its cold, damp climate, has thrived through technological advancements in agriculture and water management. Thus, the relationship between environment and society is dynamic, not deterministic.
❓ この文章の主な考えは何ですか？
A. 環境決定論は、現代地理学において広く受け入れられている理論である。
B. B) 環境が社会の成功を唯一決定する。
C. C) 人間の主体性と技術は環境的制約を緩和することができる。
D. D) 熱帯気候は必然的に社会の未発展をもたらす。
✅ 正确答案
C) Human agency and technology can mitigate environmental constraints.
IELTS Reading Tips
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