The concept of 'environmental determinism,' which posits that human behavior and societal development are largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions, has been a subject of intense debate among geographers. Proponents in the 19th century, such as Ellen Churchill Semple, argued that temperate climates fostered industriousness, while tropical regions bred lethargy. However, this view was later criticized for its oversimplification and potential to justify colonialism. Modern scholars advocate for 'possibilism,' suggesting that while the environment sets constraints, human innovation and cultural choices play a pivotal role in overcoming these limitations. For instance, the Netherlands, despite its cold, damp climate, has thrived through technological advancements in agriculture and water management. Thus, the relationship between environment and society is dynamic, not deterministic.
❓ What is the main idea of the passage?
A. A) Environmental determinism is a widely accepted theory in modern geography.
B. B) The environment solely determines the success of a society.
C. C) Human agency and technology can mitigate environmental constraints.
D. D) Tropical climates inevitably lead to societal underdevelopment.
✅ 正确答案
C) Human agency and technology can mitigate environmental constraints.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first