The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been a subject of debate in geographical studies. This theory posits that the physical environment, particularly climate and terrain, directly shapes human behavior, cultural development, and societal structures. Early proponents, such as Ellsworth Huntington, argued that temperate climates fostered industriousness and innovation, while tropical regions were associated with lethargy. However, this perspective has been heavily criticized for its oversimplification and potential to justify colonialism. Modern geographers, such as Jared Diamond, offer a more nuanced view, suggesting that environmental factors set constraints and opportunities, but human agency, technology, and historical contingencies play equally crucial roles. Thus, while the environment influences societies, it does not determine their destiny in a rigid, unidirectional manner.
❓ 根据文章，传统环境决定论的主要批评是什么？
A. それは社会発展における人間の主体性の役割を過度に強調している。
B. それは、気候が文化的慣行に与える影響を無視している。
C. それはあまりにも単純化されており、非倫理的な慣行を正当化するために使われてきました。
D. それは現代社会における技術的進歩を考慮に入れていない。
✅ 正确答案
It is too simplistic and has been used to justify unethical practices.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first