The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been a subject of debate in geographical studies. This theory posits that the physical environment, particularly climate and terrain, directly shapes human behavior, cultural development, and societal structures. Early proponents, such as Ellsworth Huntington, argued that temperate climates fostered industriousness and innovation, while tropical regions were associated with lethargy. However, this perspective has been heavily criticized for its oversimplification and potential to justify colonialism. Modern geographers, such as Jared Diamond, offer a more nuanced view, suggesting that environmental factors set constraints and opportunities, but human agency, technology, and historical contingencies play equally crucial roles. Thus, while the environment influences societies, it does not determine their destiny in a rigid, unidirectional manner.
❓ Según el pasaje, ¿cuál es la principal crítica al determinismo ambiental tradicional?
A. Sobredimensiona el papel de la agencia humana en el desarrollo societal.
B. Ignora la influencia del clima en las prácticas culturales.
C. Es demasiado simplista y ha sido utilizado para justificar prácticas poco éticas.
D. No tiene en cuenta los avances tecnológicos en las sociedades modernas.
✅ 正确答案
It is too simplistic and has been used to justify unethical practices.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
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