The concept of 'planned obsolescence' has been a subject of intense debate among economists and environmentalists. Originally coined in the 1950s, it refers to the deliberate design of products with a limited useful life, encouraging consumers to replace them frequently. Proponents argue that this strategy stimulates innovation and economic growth by maintaining consumer demand. However, critics contend that it leads to unsustainable resource consumption and exacerbates electronic waste, particularly in the technology sector. Recent studies suggest that while planned obsolescence can boost short-term sales, it undermines long-term brand loyalty and environmental sustainability. As a result, some companies are shifting toward modular designs and repairability, aiming to balance commercial interests with ecological responsibility. This shift reflects a growing recognition that consumer expectations are evolving, with many prioritizing durability over novelty.
❓ Theo đoạn văn, hậu quả lớn của sự lỗi thời có chủ đích là gì?
A. Nó luôn làm tăng lòng trung thành với thương hiệu của người tiêu dùng.
B. Nó góp phần gây ra lượng rác thải quá mức và tác hại đến môi trường.
C. Nó loại bỏ nhu cầu đổi mới công nghệ.
D. Nó làm giảm tăng trưởng kinh tế trong lĩnh vực công nghệ.
✅ 正确答案
It contributes to excessive waste and environmental harm.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first