Good morning, everyone. Today we're going to discuss the history of urban transport. Let's take the example of London. In the 19th century, the first horse-drawn buses appeared, but they were slow and expensive. Then, in 1863, the world's first underground railway opened. It was originally powered by steam locomotives, which caused smoke problems in the tunnels. Later, electric trains replaced them in 1890, making the system cleaner and faster. Interestingly, the early underground lines were not very deep, so they were built using the cut-and-cover method. However, as the city expanded, engineers had to dig deeper using tunnels, which was more challenging. This evolution shows how technology shaped urban travel.