Good morning, class. Today we'll discuss the Industrial Revolution's impact on urban planning. In the early 19th century, cities like Manchester experienced rapid growth due to factory jobs. However, this led to overcrowded housing and poor sanitation. One key response was the Public Health Act of 1848, which established local boards of health. Interestingly, the act was not initially enforced in rural areas, but only in cities with high mortality rates. By the 1870s, town planners began designing parks and wider streets to improve airflow, partly influenced by the miasma theory. So, the main driver for early urban reforms was not aesthetics, but public health concerns.