TOEFL 통합 작문

📖 읽기 지문

The introduction of non-native species into new environments is often viewed as a threat to biodiversity, but some scientists argue that such introductions can have beneficial effects. One prominent example is the introduction of the Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea) into North American freshwater systems. Proponents of deliberate introduction point to three main advantages. First, Asian clams are highly efficient filter feeders, capable of filtering significant amounts of algae and particulate matter from water. This can improve water clarity and reduce eutrophication, benefiting aquatic plants and overall water quality. Second, Asian clams serve as a new food source for native predators such as fish and birds, potentially increasing their population sizes and providing an ecological buffer when native prey are scarce. Third, the clams have a rapid growth rate and high reproductive output, which allows them to quickly colonize disturbed habitats and stabilize sediments, thus preventing erosion and promoting the establishment of other species. These perceived benefits have led some to advocate for the intentional introduction of Asian clams to restore degraded waterways.

🎧 듣기 강의

The lecture challenges the idea that introducing Asian clams is beneficial, arguing that the supposed advantages are misleading and often backfire. First, while Asian clams do filter water, their filtration is so efficient that they remove not only algae but also phytoplankton, which forms the base of the aquatic food web. This can drastically reduce food availability for native zooplankton and other organisms, leading to a collapse in the ecosystem rather than improvement. Second, although clams provide a new food source, they are not nutritious for native predators; their shells are thick and their flesh is low in caloric value. Predators that switch to clams often suffer from malnutrition, and the clams outcompete native mussels for space and resources, causing a decline in native species that predators originally relied on. Third, the rapid reproduction and colonization of Asian clams are actually detrimental: they clog water intake pipes and disrupt infrastructure, and their dense populations alter sediment composition, smothering native benthic organisms and preventing the establishment of diverse plant communities. Far from stabilizing habitats, they create monocultures that reduce overall biodiversity.