Интегрированное письмо TOEFL

📖 Текст для чтения

The extinction of the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous period, about 66 million years ago, has long fascinated scientists. While the asteroid impact theory is widely accepted, a competing hypothesis proposes that massive volcanic eruptions in the Deccan Traps of India were the primary cause. This volcanic theory rests on three key arguments. First, the Deccan eruptions were prolonged, lasting over a million years, and would have released vast quantities of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide. These gases could have caused rapid climate fluctuations, including severe global cooling and warming, which would have stressed ecosystems long before the asteroid struck. Second, recent high-precision dating suggests that the most intense phase of volcanism occurred just before the mass extinction, with some eruptions continuing after, implying a temporal link between peak volcanic activity and the die-off. Third, volcanic emissions could have produced acid rain and ozone depletion, directly harming plant and marine life, and the resulting environmental stress may have already pushed many species to the brink, making them vulnerable to a final blow, whether from volcanoes or an asteroid.

🎧 Лекция

The lecture challenges the volcanic theory as the primary cause of dinosaur extinction. While acknowledging the Deccan eruptions, the professor argues that the asteroid impact was the decisive factor. First, the timing is problematic: the most intense volcanic phase occurred about 250,000 years before the extinction event, not immediately before. In contrast, the Chicxulub impact in Mexico coincides exactly with the extinction layer. Second, the scale of volcanic gas emissions was likely insufficient to cause a global catastrophe on its own. Studies of ancient soils and fossils show that climate changes during the Deccan eruptions were moderate and gradual, not the extreme swings predicted by the theory. The asteroid, however, would have ejected dust and sulfates into the stratosphere, causing a sudden 'impact winter' that halted photosynthesis worldwide for months to years. Third, the survival of many species that were sensitive to acid rain and ozone depletion, such as crocodilians and birds, contradicts the idea that volcanic effects alone were devastating. Instead, the rapid and severe environmental shock from the asteroid, including wildfires and tsunamis, is a better match for the selective extinction pattern, where large terrestrial animals perished but small, burrowing, or aquatic creatures thrived.