Интегрированное письмо TOEFL

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The extinction of the dodo bird (Raphus cucullatus) in the late 17th century is often attributed to human overhunting and habitat destruction. However, a closer examination of historical and ecological evidence suggests that the primary cause was the introduction of invasive species, particularly pigs and macaques, which destroyed dodo nests and competed for food. Three key reasons support this view. First, dodos evolved in isolation on Mauritius with no natural predators, making them flightless and ground-nesting. Their eggs and chicks were extremely vulnerable to predation by pigs and monkeys, which were introduced by Dutch sailors in the early 1600s. Historical accounts from the period document that these animals raided dodo nests extensively, leading to a rapid decline in successful reproduction. Second, the dodo's diet consisted mainly of fruits and seeds found on the forest floor. Invasive species, especially pigs, foraged for the same food sources, creating intense competition. As pig populations exploded, they consumed the majority of available fruit, leaving insufficient resources for dodos. This competition would have reduced adult survival and fecundity, even if some nests survived. Third, the timing of the dodo's decline aligns more closely with the spread of invasive species than with direct human hunting. While Dutch settlers did hunt dodos for food, historical records indicate that hunting was sporadic and limited. In contrast, pigs and monkeys multiplied rapidly and spread across the island within decades, coinciding with the dodo's disappearance by 1680. Thus, the dodo's extinction was driven primarily by ecological disruption caused by introduced animals, not by human predation.

🎧 Лекция

The reading's argument that invasive species were the main cause of the dodo's extinction is flawed. While invasive species certainly had an impact, the evidence points to direct human hunting as the decisive factor. First, the vulnerability of dodo nests to pigs and monkeys is overstated. Dodos likely laid their eggs in concealed burrows or dense undergrowth, and there is no direct evidence that pigs or monkeys systematically destroyed nests. In fact, early Dutch reports describe dodo eggs as being difficult to find, suggesting some nest protection. Moreover, macaques were not introduced until the late 1600s, by which time the dodo was already critically rare. Second, competition for food is not supported by dietary analysis. Stable isotope studies of dodo bones show that they fed on a variety of fruits, including those toxic to pigs, such as the tambalacoque fruit. Pigs avoided these toxic fruits, so food competition was minimal. Instead, the rapid decline of dodos coincided with the arrival of Dutch settlers who hunted them for their meat, which was described as plentiful and easy to catch. Historical logs from ships that stopped at Mauritius in the 1630s and 1640s record large-scale hunting parties that killed dozens of dodos at once to provision vessels. This level of hunting, combined with the dodo's slow reproduction (laying only one egg per year), would have caused a swift population collapse. Third, the timing argument actually favors human hunting: the dodo became extinct on the main island by 1662, just a few decades after intense hunting began, whereas invasive species were present for over 50 years before that without causing extinction. Thus, direct human exploitation, not invasive species, was the primary driver.