TOEFL 통합 작문

📖 읽기 지문

The decline of the honeybee population is a pressing environmental concern, and several factors have been proposed to explain this phenomenon. One prominent theory is that the widespread use of neonicotinoid pesticides, which are systemic and persist in plant tissues, directly harms bees by impairing their cognitive functions, such as navigation and foraging behavior. Studies have shown that even sublethal doses can disrupt the bees' ability to return to the hive, leading to colony collapse. A second factor is the parasitic Varroa destructor mite, which attaches to bees and transmits viruses, weakening the entire colony. Researchers have observed that mite infestations correlate with high winter colony losses, suggesting that this parasite is a primary driver. Finally, habitat loss due to intensive agriculture and urbanization reduces the diversity and abundance of flowering plants, forcing bees to travel longer distances for food and making them more susceptible to malnutrition and stress. These three pressures—pesticides, mites, and habitat fragmentation—are often cited as the main culprits behind the alarming decrease in honeybee numbers.

🎧 듣기 강의

The reading presents a plausible but incomplete picture of honeybee decline. While neonicotinoids are indeed toxic, recent field studies reveal that their actual impact is much smaller than laboratory experiments suggest. In real agricultural settings, bees are exposed to levels far below the threshold that causes cognitive impairment, and many colonies thrive in areas with moderate pesticide use. The Varroa mite is a serious threat, but it does not act alone; rather, it is the synergistic interaction with pesticides and poor nutrition that leads to colony death. In fact, beekeepers who practice integrated pest management, such as using organic acids and selective breeding, have successfully controlled mite populations, indicating that mites are manageable without being the sole cause. As for habitat loss, while it is true that monocultures reduce floral diversity, the reading overlooks the role of managed honeybees, which are often transported to pollinate crops and provided with supplemental feeding. Moreover, the decline of wild pollinators, such as bumblebees, is more strongly linked to habitat loss than the decline of managed honeybees. Thus, the lecture argues that the reading oversimplifies the issue, and that no single factor can explain the decline without considering their interactions and the context of beekeeping practices.