Viết tích hợp TOEFL

📖 Đoạn văn

The introduction of non-native species into new environments is often viewed as a threat to biodiversity, but recent research suggests that such introductions can have significant ecological benefits. First, non-native species can increase local biodiversity by adding new genetic material and creating new ecological niches. For example, the introduction of the zebra mussel to the Great Lakes has provided a new food source for native fish and birds, thereby supporting higher trophic levels. Second, non-native plants can improve soil quality and prevent erosion. The introduction of the salt cedar tree to the southwestern United States has stabilized riverbanks and reduced sedimentation, which benefits native aquatic habitats. Third, non-native species can serve as biological control agents, reducing the populations of invasive pests. The introduction of the Asian lady beetle has successfully controlled aphid populations in North American agriculture, reducing the need for chemical pesticides. Therefore, rather than being universally harmful, non-native species can play a positive role in ecosystem management, and conservation policies should consider these benefits.

🎧 Bài giảng

The reading claims that non-native species provide ecological benefits, but these arguments are flawed and misleading. First, the idea that non-native species increase biodiversity is superficial. While they may add new species to a list, they often cause the extinction of native species through predation or competition. For example, the zebra mussel has outcompeted native mussels for food and habitat, leading to a dramatic decline in native mussel populations, thus reducing overall biodiversity. Second, the claim about soil stabilization is misleading. The salt cedar tree does stabilize riverbanks, but it also consumes excessive amounts of water, lowering water tables and drying up streams, which harms native riparian plants and animals that depend on those water sources. The net effect is a degradation of the ecosystem, not a benefit. Third, the use of non-native species as biological control agents is risky. The Asian lady beetle, while controlling aphids, has also preyed on native ladybug species and other beneficial insects, leading to a decline in native biodiversity. Moreover, it has become a nuisance in homes and orchards. Thus, the supposed benefits are outweighed by long-term ecological costs, and such introductions should be viewed with caution.