Интегрированное письмо TOEFL

📖 Текст для чтения

The extinction of the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous period has long been attributed to a massive asteroid impact. However, recent evidence suggests that volcanic activity, specifically the Deccan Traps eruptions in India, played a more significant role. First, the Deccan Traps eruptions lasted for over a million years, releasing enormous amounts of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide. These gases would have caused rapid climate fluctuations, including volcanic winters and greenhouse warming, which could have stressed dinosaur populations long before the impact. Second, the fossil record shows a gradual decline in dinosaur diversity in the million years preceding the impact, consistent with the prolonged environmental stress from volcanism rather than a sudden catastrophe. Finally, the timing of the impact (66 million years ago) coincides with the Chicxulub crater, but the most severe phase of Deccan volcanism occurred around 66.3 million years ago, predating the impact by 300,000 years—a timeline that better aligns with the gradual decline observed in sediments.

🎧 Лекция

The lecture challenges the volcanic hypothesis. While the Deccan Traps were indeed massive, their effects were not as severe as claimed. First, sulfur dioxide aerosols from volcanism do cause cooling, but the Deccan eruptions occurred in multiple pulses, with long quiescent periods. During these quiet intervals, the climate could recover, so the stress on dinosaurs was likely intermittent, not continuous. Second, the supposed gradual decline in dinosaur fossils may be an artifact of sampling bias. Dinosaur-bearing rock layers from the late Cretaceous are rare and often incomplete, so the apparent decline could simply reflect fewer available fossils, not a true population crash. Third, the timing is not as clear-cut. Recent high-precision dating shows that the most intense volcanic phase actually occurred after the impact, not before. In fact, the impact itself may have triggered increased volcanic activity. Therefore, the asteroid remains the primary cause, as its immediate effects—global fires, tsunamis, and a dust-induced impact winter—would have been catastrophic and sudden, consistent with the abrupt extinction seen in the fossil record.