Viết tích hợp TOEFL

📖 Đoạn văn

The introduction of high-speed rail (HSR) systems in developing countries is often hailed as a transformative step toward economic modernization. Proponents argue that HSR brings three major benefits. First, HSR significantly reduces travel time between major cities, enhancing business productivity and regional integration. For example, a journey that once took eight hours by conventional train can be cut to under three hours, allowing executives to attend meetings in distant cities and return the same day. Second, HSR is environmentally friendly because electric trains produce far lower carbon emissions per passenger-kilometer compared to airplanes or automobiles. This aligns with global climate goals and helps developing nations reduce their carbon footprints. Third, HSR construction creates thousands of jobs during the building phase and stimulates long-term economic growth through increased tourism and the development of new commercial hubs around stations. Governments in countries like Indonesia and Kenya have therefore invested heavily in HSR, anticipating a cascade of social and economic advantages.

🎧 Bài giảng

The professor challenges the optimistic view presented in the reading. First, while HSR does reduce travel time, the actual time savings are often offset by lengthy security checks, boarding procedures, and the need to travel to peripheral stations located far from city centers. In many developing countries, stations are built outside urban areas to reduce land costs, so total door-to-door time may not improve significantly. Second, the environmental claim is misleading. Over their lifecycle, HSR systems require enormous amounts of concrete and steel, whose production generates substantial CO2 emissions. Moreover, if the electricity that powers the trains comes from coal-fired plants—common in many developing nations—the per-passenger emissions can actually be higher than those of modern, fuel-efficient buses or even some airplanes. Third, the job creation argument overlooks the fact that HSR is highly capital-intensive, not labor-intensive. Most jobs are temporary and require specialized skills, often brought in from abroad. Moreover, the high fares needed to recoup construction costs deter low-income citizens, so the promised tourism and commercial development often fail to materialize, leaving the government with massive debt and underutilized infrastructure.