TOEFL統合ライティング

📖 読解文章

The Extinction of the Megafauna: A Climate-Driven Event The late Pleistocene witnessed the disappearance of numerous large terrestrial mammals, including woolly mammoths, saber-toothed cats, and giant ground sloths. While some scientists attribute these extinctions to overhunting by early humans, a closer examination of the evidence suggests that climate change was the primary driver. First, the timing of megafaunal extinctions correlates strongly with rapid climatic oscillations, particularly the Younger Dryas cold snap (12,900–11,700 years ago). During this period, temperatures dropped abruptly, causing dramatic shifts in vegetation. Many megafaunal species, such as the woolly mammoth, depended on specific grassland habitats that fragmented and shrank as forests expanded. This habitat loss directly reduced their food sources and reproductive success. Second, the extinction pattern does not align with human arrival. In North America, humans arrived around 15,000 years ago, yet many megafaunal species persisted for several millennia, with peak extinction occurring during the Younger Dryas, not immediately after human colonization. If overhunting were the cause, we would expect a rapid, synchronous decline following human arrival. Third, paleontological records show that megafaunal populations experienced multiple declines and recoveries during earlier glacial-interglacial cycles without human presence. These fluctuations were tied to natural climate variability, indicating that climate stress, not hunting, was the decisive factor. Thus, the megafaunal extinctions were a tragic consequence of rapid environmental change, not human predation.

🎧 リスニング講義

Lecture: The professor challenges the reading's claim that climate change caused megafaunal extinctions. He argues that human hunting played a far more significant role. First, while the Younger Dryas did cause habitat changes, similar climatic shifts occurred many times before without causing widespread extinctions. For example, during the last 500,000 years, there were numerous cold snaps, yet megafauna survived. What made the late Pleistocene unique was the presence of skilled human hunters. Second, the correlation between human arrival and extinction is stronger than the reading suggests. In North America, the Clovis culture, known for distinctive spear points, appeared around 13,500 years ago, and within 500 years, most megafauna vanished. This rapid decline aligns with the 'blitzkrieg' model of overhunting, not with the gradual climate shifts. Moreover, in Australia and Madagascar, extinctions followed human colonization by centuries, not millennia, and occurred during periods of stable climate. Third, the reading's claim about population fluctuations ignores key evidence. Fossil bones from the late Pleistocene show butchery marks on many megafaunal remains, and kill sites are concentrated where human populations were dense. Also, species that were less hunted, such as bison, survived, while heavily hunted species like mammoths perished. Therefore, the pattern of extinction is best explained by human predation, not climate change.