Viết tích hợp TOEFL

📖 Đoạn văn

The extinction of the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous period, about 66 million years ago, has long been debated. While the asteroid impact theory is widely accepted, a competing hypothesis proposes that massive volcanic eruptions in the Deccan Traps of India were the primary cause. This volcanic theory rests on three key arguments. First, the Deccan eruptions were prolonged, lasting over a million years, and released enormous quantities of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide. These gases would have caused severe global cooling (from sulfur aerosols) followed by greenhouse warming, creating drastic climate oscillations that could have stressed ecosystems long before the asteroid. Second, recent high-precision dating shows that the most intense phase of volcanic activity occurred just before and at the same time as the mass extinction, suggesting a causal link. Third, the fossil record indicates a gradual decline in dinosaur diversity over the last few million years of the Cretaceous, which aligns with the slow, cumulative effects of volcanic stress rather than a sudden asteroid impact.

🎧 Bài giảng

The lecture challenges the volcanic theory, arguing that the evidence actually supports the asteroid impact as the primary cause. First, while volcanic gases can alter climate, the magnitude and timing of the Deccan eruptions do not match the abruptness of the extinction. The asteroid impact would have caused a sudden 'impact winter' with a dramatic drop in sunlight and temperature, far more severe than the gradual volcanic cooling. Second, the claim that intense volcanism coincided with the extinction is misleading. The most recent dating shows that the main pulse of Deccan activity occurred about 250,000 years before the impact, and the final phase after the extinction was much weaker. Thus, volcanism was not at its peak during the actual extinction event. Third, the idea of a gradual dinosaur decline is not supported by the latest fossil evidence. In many regions, dinosaur fossils are abundant right up to the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, indicating that they thrived until the very end. The apparent decline in some records is due to sampling biases and incomplete fossil preservation. Therefore, the lecture concludes that the asteroid impact, not volcanism, was the decisive killer.