Интегрированное письмо TOEFL

📖 Текст для чтения

The decline of the honeybee population, known as Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), has been widely reported. While many factors have been proposed, the primary cause is likely the widespread use of neonicotinoid pesticides. First, neonicotinoids are systemic, meaning they are absorbed into the plant’s tissues, including pollen and nectar. Studies have shown that even sublethal doses impair honeybees’ foraging behavior and navigational abilities, making it difficult for them to find their way back to the hive. Second, these pesticides weaken the bees’ immune systems, making them more susceptible to pathogens such as the deformed wing virus and Nosema fungi. For example, laboratory experiments have demonstrated that bees exposed to neonicotinoids show higher viral loads and reduced survival rates when infected. Third, neonicotinoids are persistent in the environment, accumulating in soil and water, and can be taken up by wildflowers adjacent to agricultural fields. This means that bees are exposed throughout the foraging season, leading to chronic stress and eventual colony collapse. Therefore, banning neonicotinoids would significantly reduce CCD and help stabilize honeybee populations.

🎧 Лекция

The professor challenges the reading's claim that neonicotinoids are the main cause of CCD. While neonicotinoids are indeed harmful, the evidence is not conclusive. First, field studies often fail to replicate the dramatic effects seen in laboratories. In real agricultural settings, bee colonies frequently thrive even when neonicotinoids are used, suggesting that factors like habitat loss and nutritional stress may play a larger role. Second, the correlation between neonicotinoid use and CCD is weak. CCD was first reported in 2006, but neonicotinoids had been in use for over a decade before that without causing such widespread colony losses. Moreover, CCD occurs in regions where neonicotinoid use is low, such as parts of Europe, while some areas with heavy use do not report high CCD rates. Third, the immune-suppression argument is oversimplified. Bees face multiple stressors, including the Varroa mite, which is a known vector for many viruses. Recent research indicates that mite infestations, not pesticides, are the primary predictor of viral outbreaks in colonies. Thus, focusing solely on neonicotinoids distracts from more pressing issues, and a ban might not effectively address the problem.