Viết tích hợp TOEFL

📖 Đoạn văn

The extinction of the megafauna—large animals such as mammoths, giant sloths, and saber-toothed cats—at the end of the Pleistocene epoch has long puzzled scientists. While many hypotheses exist, the most compelling explanation is overhunting by early humans. First, archaeological evidence shows that human arrival in new regions, such as North America and Australia, closely coincided with the rapid decline of megafauna. For instance, the Clovis culture, known for distinctive stone tools, appeared around 13,000 years ago, and within a few centuries, most large mammals vanished. Second, megafauna species were particularly vulnerable to hunting due to their life history traits: they had long gestation periods, small litter sizes, and extended parental care, making population recovery impossible under sustained predation pressure. Third, climate change alone cannot account for the pattern of extinction. During previous glacial-interglacial cycles, megafauna survived dramatic temperature shifts, but they disappeared only when humans were present. Moreover, the extinctions were not synchronized with specific climatic events, such as the Younger Dryas cold snap, but rather followed human migration routes. Therefore, human overhunting, not climate, was the primary driver of this mass extinction.

🎧 Bài giảng

The reading's argument that humans caused megafauna extinction is flawed. First, the timing argument is weak. In many regions, humans and megafauna coexisted for thousands of years before extinction. For example, in South America, human settlements date back 15,000 years, yet some megafauna survived until 8,000 years ago—a coexistence that contradicts a rapid overkill scenario. Second, the vulnerability argument ignores the fact that many megafauna species, such as mammoths, had large population sizes and wide geographic ranges, which would have buffered them against localized hunting. In fact, models show that even moderate hunting rates could not have driven such widespread extinctions unless populations were already stressed. Third, climate change cannot be dismissed. Recent high-resolution ice core and sediment data reveal that severe and abrupt climatic shifts—like the Bølling-Allerød warming and Younger Dryas cooling—occurred exactly when many extinctions happened, causing dramatic vegetation changes that reduced food sources. In Australia, megafauna decline began before humans arrived, indicating climate-driven habitat loss. Thus, the evidence points to climate as the primary factor, with hunting only a minor contributor.