TOEFL Integrated Writing

📖 Reading Passage

The Extinction of the Megafauna: A Climate-Driven Event Around 12,000 years ago, many large animal species, such as mammoths, giant sloths, and saber-toothed cats, disappeared from North America. Scientists have long debated the cause. One prominent theory argues that climate change at the end of the last Ice Age was the primary driver. First, rapid warming altered habitats, shrinking the grasslands and forests that megafauna depended on for food. For example, the spread of deciduous forests reduced the open tundra preferred by mammoths. Second, climate change disrupted migration patterns and breeding cycles, as seasonal shifts became unpredictable, leading to lower reproductive success. Third, the extinction event coincided with a period of dramatic climate instability, including the Younger Dryas cold snap, which stressed populations already adapted to stable conditions. These climatic pressures, rather than human activity, best explain the synchronous decline of megafauna across continents.

🎧 Listening Lecture

The lecture challenges the climate-based explanation for megafauna extinction. While climate change did occur, it was not the decisive factor. First, similar climate shifts had happened many times before, yet megafauna survived those earlier changes. This suggests that warming alone was not lethal. Second, the lecture points out that megafauna were highly adaptable; fossil evidence shows they shifted their diets and ranges in response to past climate fluctuations. The sudden disappearance at 12,000 years ago, however, coincides precisely with the arrival of skilled human hunters, not with a unique climatic event. Third, the lecture notes that the Younger Dryas was not uniformly cold; some regions actually warmed, and megafauna persisted in areas with stable climates but where humans were absent. Moreover, archaeological sites from this period contain spear points and butchered megafauna bones, providing direct evidence of human predation. Thus, overhunting, not climate, was the primary cause of extinction.