TOEFL統合ライティング

📖 読解文章

The use of biofuels, such as ethanol derived from corn, has been widely promoted as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. Proponents argue that biofuels offer significant environmental and economic benefits. First, biofuels are considered carbon-neutral because the carbon dioxide emitted during combustion is roughly equivalent to the amount absorbed by the plants during growth. This cycle supposedly reduces net greenhouse gas emissions, helping to mitigate climate change. Second, biofuel production stimulates rural economies by creating new markets for agricultural crops. Farmers can diversify their income, and the development of biofuel plants generates local jobs, from farming to processing and distribution. Third, biofuels enhance energy security by reducing dependence on imported oil. Countries with abundant agricultural land can produce their own fuel, insulating themselves from volatile global oil prices and geopolitical tensions. For these reasons, many governments have implemented mandates and subsidies to encourage biofuel adoption, viewing it as a cornerstone of future energy policy.

🎧 リスニング講義

The lecture challenges the claims made in the reading about biofuels. While the reading presents biofuels as environmentally friendly, the professor argues that they are not truly carbon-neutral. The production process—including farming machinery, fertilizer manufacturing, and transportation—requires substantial fossil fuel inputs. When these are accounted for, the net reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is minimal, and in some cases, biofuels may even emit more than conventional gasoline. Second, the economic benefits are overstated. Biofuel subsidies often divert land from food production, leading to higher food prices. This disproportionately affects low-income populations and can undermine food security. Moreover, the jobs created are often seasonal and not as stable as those in traditional energy sectors. Third, the energy security argument is flawed. Many biofuel crops require intensive water and fertilizer, and large-scale monoculture can deplete soil and harm biodiversity. Additionally, countries that lack sufficient arable land may need to import feedstocks, replacing oil dependence with agricultural dependence. Thus, the lecture concludes that biofuels are not the panacea the reading suggests.