TOEFL 통합 작문

📖 읽기 지문

The Extinction of the Megafauna: A Case for Climate Change Around 10,000 years ago, many large terrestrial mammals—such as woolly mammoths, giant ground sloths, and saber-toothed cats—disappeared from North America. While overhunting by early humans is a popular explanation, a more compelling cause is rapid climate change at the end of the last Ice Age. First, climate shifts altered vegetation patterns. As temperatures rose, open grasslands that supported herbivores like mammoths were replaced by dense forests and tundra, reducing their food supply. Second, climate change created fragmented habitats. Glacial retreat and rising sea levels isolated populations on smaller landmasses, making them vulnerable to inbreeding and disease. Third, the timing aligns poorly with human arrival. In many regions, megafaunal extinctions occurred before or well after the first evidence of human hunting, suggesting climate, not humans, was the primary driver. Thus, while human activity may have contributed locally, the broad pattern of extinction points to environmental change as the decisive factor.

🎧 듣기 강의

The lecture challenges the reading's claim that climate change drove megafaunal extinctions, arguing instead that human hunting was the key cause. First, the reading says vegetation changes reduced food, but the lecture notes that many megafauna were generalists that could adapt to varied diets. Fossil evidence shows mammoths ate a mix of grasses, shrubs, and even tree bark, so forest expansion alone wouldn't have starved them. Second, the lecture disputes habitat fragmentation as a major factor. While sea levels rose, many large landmasses remained connected, and genetic studies of fossil remains show no signs of inbreeding depression in most populations. Instead, the timing of extinction correlates closely with human arrival on each continent—in North America, the Clovis culture's appearance matches the disappearance of large mammals. Third, the reading's claim about timing is flawed. The lecture points to new radiocarbon dating that places human hunting artifacts at the same sites as megafaunal remains, with cut marks on bones. Moreover, in areas where humans arrived late, such as Madagascar and New Zealand, extinctions occurred later, directly following human colonization. Therefore, the lecture concludes that overhunting, not climate, best explains the pattern.