TOEFL 통합 작문

📖 읽기 지문

The introduction of high-speed rail systems in the United States has been a topic of debate for decades. Proponents argue that such systems would bring significant economic, environmental, and social benefits. First, high-speed rail would stimulate economic growth by creating jobs in construction and operation, as well as boosting tourism and business travel between major cities. Second, it would reduce greenhouse gas emissions by shifting passengers from cars and airplanes to a more energy-efficient mode of transport. Third, it would alleviate highway congestion and airport delays, improving overall travel efficiency and reducing the need for costly infrastructure expansions. These advantages have led many to advocate for federal investment in a national high-speed rail network.

🎧 듣기 강의

While the reading presents an optimistic view, the proposed benefits of high-speed rail are largely overstated. First, the economic impact is questionable: most high-speed rail projects require massive public subsidies and often fail to break even. For example, California’s high-speed rail project has faced cost overruns and delays, and similar systems in Europe and Japan require ongoing government support. Second, the environmental benefits are not clear-cut. Construction of rail lines involves significant carbon emissions from concrete and steel, and the operational energy savings depend on the electricity source; if powered by fossil fuels, emissions may be comparable to those of airplanes. Third, the claim about reducing congestion is weak because high-speed rail primarily serves city-center to city-center routes, which may not align with typical travel patterns. Most intercity travel in the U.S. is over distances too short for rail to be competitive or too long for rail to replace air travel, leaving highways and airports still congested. Thus, the reading’s arguments are not supported by evidence.