托福综合写作

📖 阅读文章

The Extinction of the Megafauna: A Climate-Driven Event Around 12,000 years ago, many large terrestrial mammals—such as woolly mammoths, giant ground sloths, and saber-toothed cats—disappeared from North America. While some scientists attribute this extinction to human hunting, a closer examination of the evidence suggests that climate change was the primary driver. First, the timing of the extinctions aligns with a period of rapid warming known as the Bølling-Allerød interstadial, which occurred roughly 14,500 years ago. This warming caused dramatic shifts in vegetation, reducing the open grasslands that many megafauna depended on for food. Second, the fossil record shows that several species, such as the giant beaver and the American camel, went extinct before humans had even arrived in significant numbers or developed advanced hunting tools. This temporal mismatch weakens the overkill hypothesis. Third, climate models reconstruct that the warming led to increased forest cover and altered precipitation patterns, which fragmented habitats and isolated populations. Such fragmentation would have reduced genetic diversity and made species more vulnerable to extinction, even without human interference. Therefore, the megafaunal extinctions were most likely a natural response to environmental stress, not a result of human predation.

🎧 听力讲座

The lecture challenges the reading's claim that climate change alone caused the megafaunal extinction. While the professor acknowledges that climate change had some effect, she argues that the evidence points more strongly to human hunting. First, she points out that the alleged timing of the extinction is not as clear as the reading suggests. Many species, such as the woolly mammoth, survived the Bølling-Allerød warming and only disappeared later, during a period of cooler and more stable climate, when human populations were expanding. This suggests that human activity, not climate, was the final blow. Second, the professor refutes the idea that extinctions predated human arrival. She notes that recent radiocarbon dating of giant beaver remains shows they coexisted with humans for over 1,000 years, and their extinction coincides with the development of Clovis spear points—sophisticated hunting weapons. Thus, the temporal overlap is actually strong evidence for human overkill. Third, she argues that habitat fragmentation due to climate could have reduced populations but not eliminated them. In contrast, human hunting is known to cause rapid extinction in large-bodied, slow-reproducing animals, as seen in more recent historical cases like the moa in New Zealand. Therefore, the lecture concludes that human hunting was the decisive factor, with climate playing only a minor role.