📖 阅读材料
The concept of 'cognitive dissonance' refers to the mental discomfort experienced when a person holds two or more contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values. When this discomfort arises, individuals are motivated to reduce it by changing their beliefs, adding new cognitions, or trivializing the importance of the conflicting element. This theory, proposed by Leon Festinger, suggests that humans strive for internal consistency. To alleviate dissonance, people often rationalize their choices or adjust their attitudes to align with their actions.
🎧 听力讲座
Professor: Let me give you a classic example. Imagine a student, Sarah, who strongly believes that cheating is wrong and that academic integrity is crucial. However, during a difficult exam, she succumbs to pressure and peeks at a classmate's answer sheet. After the exam, she feels uneasy and guilty. This discomfort is cognitive dissonance: her belief (cheating is wrong) conflicts with her action (she cheated). To reduce this discomfort, Sarah might change her belief by telling herself, 'Everyone cheats sometimes, and this one time doesn't really matter.' Or she might add a new cognition: 'The exam was unfair and too hard, so my action was justified.' By doing so, she aligns her attitude with her behavior, reducing the dissonance and restoring a sense of consistency.