托福口语 Task 3

The concept of 'functional fixedness' refers to a cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used. This mental block prevents individuals from seeing alternative uses for familiar objects, thereby hindering problem-solving and creativity. When faced with a novel challenge, people often fail to think beyond an object's typical function, even when that object could be repurposed effectively to solve the problem at hand. Overcoming functional fixedness requires a deliberate shift in perspective, often facilitated by cues or training that encourage flexible thinking.

Professor: Now, let me give you a classic example from my own research. In one study, we gave participants a box of thumbtacks, a candle, and a book of matches, and asked them to attach the candle to the wall so it wouldn't drip wax on the floor. Most people struggled because they saw the box only as a container for thumbtacks. They tried to melt the candle to stick it directly to the wall, which failed. However, the correct solution was to empty the box, tack the box to the wall, and place the candle inside it. This required seeing the box not just as a thumbtack holder, but as a potential platform. Only when we hinted that the box could be used as a shelf did participants succeed. This shows how functional fixedness—the inability to see the box's alternative use—blocked their problem-solving until the hint broke that mental block.