TOEFLスピーキング Task 3

In biology, the term 'behavioral adaptation' refers to an action an organism takes to survive in its environment. Unlike physical traits, these are learned or instinctive behaviors that help an animal find food, avoid predators, or reproduce. Behavioral adaptations often develop over generations through natural selection, as individuals with beneficial behaviors are more likely to survive and pass on their genes. These behaviors can be simple, like migration, or complex, like cooperative hunting.

Professor: Let me give you an example. Consider the meerkat, a small mammal living in the African desert. Meerkats live in groups called mobs. One key behavioral adaptation is sentinel duty. When the mob is foraging for food, one meerkat will climb to a high point—like a termite mound—and stand on its hind legs to scan for predators. If it spots an eagle or a jackal, it lets out a specific alarm call. The other meerkats immediately run for cover. The sentinel doesn't eat while on duty, but this behavior increases the survival chances of the whole group, including its relatives. This behavior is not taught by parents in a formal way; it seems to be instinctive and has evolved because groups with sentinels are more likely to survive and reproduce.