TOEFLスピーキング Task 3

In psychology, the concept of 'functional fixedness' refers to a cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used. This mental block prevents individuals from imagining alternative uses for familiar items, thereby hindering creative problem-solving. When faced with a novel challenge, people often fail to see beyond the intended function of an object, even if a simple unconventional application could solve the problem effectively. Overcoming functional fixedness requires deliberate cognitive effort to reframe the object’s potential roles.

Professor: Let me give you an example from a classic experiment. Participants were given a candle, a box of thumbtacks, and a book of matches, and asked to attach the candle to a wall so that it could burn without dripping wax on the floor. Many struggled. They tried tacking the candle directly to the wall, or melting wax to stick it—both failed. The key was to use the thumbtack box as a candle holder. But most participants saw the box only as a container for tacks, not as a platform. They had functional fixedness. However, in another group, the tacks were presented separately from the box, and participants quickly realized they could tack the empty box to the wall and place the candle inside. Once the box’s typical function was not highlighted, they could see its alternative use. So, functional fixedness is really about how our initial perception of an object’s role blocks creative solutions.