❓ Question According to the passage, what is a key difference between the original and contemporary views of ecological resilience?
A. A. The original view emphasized multiple stable states, while the contemporary view posits a single equilibrium.
B. B. The original view assumed a return to a pre-disturbance state, while the contemporary view acknowledges possible shifts to alternative stable states.
C. C. The original view focused on adaptive capacity, while the contemporary view prioritizes biodiversity conservation.
D. D. The original view considered disturbances as harmful, while the contemporary view regards them as beneficial.
✅ Correct Answer
B. The original view assumed a return to a pre-disturbance state, while the contemporary view acknowledges possible shifts to alternative stable states.
TOEFL Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Infer vocabulary meaning from context, not just memory
Base inferences on the passage; avoid over-extrapolation