❓ คำถาม According to the passage, what is a key difference between the original and contemporary definitions of ecological resilience?
A. A) The original definition focused on multiple stable states, while the contemporary definition assumes a single equilibrium.
B. B) The original definition emphasized speed of return to a pre-disturbance state, whereas the contemporary definition highlights absorbing disturbance and maintaining core functions.
C. C) The contemporary definition applies only to shallow lakes, while the original definition applied to all ecosystems.
D. D) The original definition was based on human communities, while the contemporary definition is based solely on ecological systems.
✅ คำตอบที่ถูกต้อง
B) The original definition emphasized speed of return to a pre-disturbance state, whereas the contemporary definition highlights absorbing disturbance and maintaining core functions.
TOEFL Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Infer vocabulary meaning from context, not just memory
Base inferences on the passage; avoid over-extrapolation