❓ Question According to the passage, what is the key difference between engineering resilience and ecological resilience?
A. Engineering resilience emphasizes the speed of recovery to an original state, while ecological resilience focuses on the amount of disturbance a system can absorb before shifting to another state.
B. Engineering resilience applies only to human-made systems, while ecological resilience applies to natural ecosystems.
C. Engineering resilience considers multiple stable states, while ecological resilience assumes a single equilibrium.
D. Engineering resilience is based on threshold effects, while ecological resilience relies on gradual, linear responses.
✅ Correct Answer
Engineering resilience emphasizes the speed of recovery to an original state, while ecological resilience focuses on the amount of disturbance a system can absorb before shifting to another state.
TOEFL Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Infer vocabulary meaning from context, not just memory
Base inferences on the passage; avoid over-extrapolation