❓ Câu hỏi According to paragraph, what is a key difference between engineering resilience and ecological resilience?
A. Engineering resilience focuses on resisting state shifts, while ecological resilience emphasizes recovery speed.
B. Engineering resilience prioritizes return to a pre-disturbance equilibrium, while ecological resilience emphasizes the capacity to absorb disturbance without shifting to a new state.
C. Engineering resilience is applicable only to coral reefs, while ecological resilience applies to all ecosystems.
D. Engineering resilience is a modern concept, while ecological resilience was developed in the 1970s.
✅ Đáp án đúng
Engineering resilience prioritizes return to a pre-disturbance equilibrium, while ecological resilience emphasizes the capacity to absorb disturbance without shifting to a new state.
TOEFL Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Infer vocabulary meaning from context, not just memory
Base inferences on the passage; avoid over-extrapolation