❓ Pregunta According to the passage, which of the following best describes the key difference between 'engineering resilience' and 'social-ecological resilience'?
A. Engineering resilience focuses on recovery speed to a fixed state, while social-ecological resilience emphasizes adaptation and potential shifts between multiple states.
B. Engineering resilience applies only to terrestrial ecosystems, while social-ecological resilience applies only to marine ecosystems.
C. Engineering resilience is a recent concept, whereas social-ecological resilience was introduced by Holling in 1973.
D. Engineering resilience ignores human impacts, while social-ecological resilience completely rejects the idea of stable states.
✅ Respuesta correcta
Engineering resilience focuses on recovery speed to a fixed state, while social-ecological resilience emphasizes adaptation and potential shifts between multiple states.
TOEFL Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Infer vocabulary meaning from context, not just memory
Base inferences on the passage; avoid over-extrapolation