❓ Question According to the passage, what is the key difference between the original and contemporary views of ecological resilience?
A. A. The original view focused on returning to a single stable state, while the contemporary view emphasizes adaptive capacity and multiple stable states.
B. B. The original view was based on field experiments, while the contemporary view relies on computer models.
C. C. The original view applied only to forests, while the contemporary view applies to all ecosystems.
D. D. The original view considered disturbances as harmful, while the contemporary view sees them as beneficial.
✅ Correct Answer
A. The original view focused on returning to a single stable state, while the contemporary view emphasizes adaptive capacity and multiple stable states.
TOEFL Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Infer vocabulary meaning from context, not just memory
Base inferences on the passage; avoid over-extrapolation