❓ Pregunta According to the passage, what is the primary shift in the modern understanding of ecological resilience?
A. A. Resilience is now viewed as the speed at which an ecosystem returns to its original state after a disturbance.
B. B. Resilience is now defined as the capacity to absorb disturbances while maintaining core functions, rather than returning to a single equilibrium.
C. C. Resilience is now believed to be irrelevant because ecosystems rarely experience disturbances.
D. D. Resilience is now considered to be solely dependent on the absence of human-induced stressors such as pollution and overfishing.
✅ Respuesta correcta
B. Resilience is now defined as the capacity to absorb disturbances while maintaining core functions, rather than returning to a single equilibrium.
TOEFL Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Infer vocabulary meaning from context, not just memory
Base inferences on the passage; avoid over-extrapolation