❓ Question According to the passage, which of the following best explains the difference between 'engineering resilience' and 'ecological resilience'?
A. Engineering resilience focuses on the speed of recovery, while ecological resilience focuses on the amount of disturbance a system can absorb before shifting to a different state.
B. Engineering resilience applies only to artificial systems, while ecological resilience applies to natural ecosystems.
C. Ecological resilience is a newer concept that has replaced engineering resilience in all conservation studies.
D. Engineering resilience measures the stability of a single species, while ecological resilience measures the stability of an entire food web.
✅ Correct Answer
Engineering resilience focuses on the speed of recovery, while ecological resilience focuses on the amount of disturbance a system can absorb before shifting to a different state.
TOEFL Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Infer vocabulary meaning from context, not just memory
Base inferences on the passage; avoid over-extrapolation