Аудирование TOEFL

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Listen to part of a lecture in an environmental science class. Professor: Today we're going to talk about urban heat islands. You know, cities tend to be warmer than the surrounding rural areas, often by several degrees. This is called the urban heat island effect. There are several causes. First, concrete and asphalt absorb and retain heat during the day and release it slowly at night. Second, buildings block wind, reducing cooling. Third, waste heat from cars, air conditioners, and factories adds to the warmth. But there are solutions. One is to increase green spaces, like parks and green roofs. Plants provide shade and cool the air through evapotranspiration. Another solution is to use reflective materials on roofs and pavements, which reflect sunlight instead of absorbing it. These strategies can lower city temperatures, reduce energy use, and improve air quality. However, implementing them requires planning and investment. It's not just about planting a few trees. It's about changing the way we design cities. So, what's the main takeaway? Urban design can significantly influence local climate, and we have the tools to make cities cooler and more sustainable. Now, let's discuss some real-world examples.