Аудирование TOEFL

🎧 Транскрипт аудио

Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class. The professor is discussing the behavior of a type of bird called the European starling. Professor: So, we've been talking about animal behavior and how it's influenced by both genetics and environment. Today, let's consider the European starling, a bird known for its remarkable vocal abilities. Starlings don't have a single innate song; instead, they learn their songs from other starlings in their social group. This is called vocal learning. What's interesting is that the songs can vary greatly between different populations, almost like regional dialects. A starling raised in isolation, without hearing other starlings, will produce a simplified, abnormal song. However, if that same bird is later exposed to recordings of starling songs, it can gradually improve its own song, but only if the exposure happens during a critical period early in life. After that window closes, learning becomes much more difficult. So, this illustrates a key principle: while the basic capacity for song is innate, the specific song itself is shaped by learning and social interaction, and timing is crucial.