การฟัง TOEFL

🎧 บทถอดเสียง

Listen to part of a lecture in an environmental science class. The professor is discussing the concept of urban heat islands. "Now, cities tend to be warmer than the surrounding rural areas. This phenomenon is called the urban heat island effect. One major cause is the replacement of natural surfaces with materials like concrete and asphalt, which absorb and retain heat during the day and release it slowly at night. Another factor is the lack of vegetation. Trees and plants provide shade and release moisture through transpiration, which cools the air. In cities, the removal of green spaces reduces this cooling effect. Also, human activities, such as running cars, air conditioners, and industrial processes, generate waste heat that adds to the overall temperature. Interestingly, the heat island effect can vary within a city. Dense downtown areas often experience higher temperatures than residential neighborhoods with more parks. To mitigate this, some cities have implemented green roofs, which are covered with vegetation, and cool pavements that reflect more sunlight. These strategies can lower local temperatures and reduce energy demands for cooling."