Nghe TOEFL

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Listen to part of a lecture in an environmental science class. Professor: Today we're going to talk about urban heat islands. As you know, cities tend to be warmer than surrounding rural areas. This is due to several factors. First, concrete and asphalt absorb and retain heat during the day and release it slowly at night. Second, buildings block wind, reducing natural cooling. Third, waste heat from vehicles and air conditioners adds to the warmth. However, there are strategies to mitigate this effect. One approach is increasing vegetation, such as planting trees on streets and creating green roofs. Trees provide shade and release water vapor through transpiration, which cools the air. Another strategy is using reflective materials for roofs and pavements, which bounce sunlight back into the atmosphere instead of absorbing it. Some cities have also implemented cool pavement programs, painting roads with lighter colors. These measures can lower surface temperatures significantly, but they require initial investment and maintenance. Still, the long-term benefits include reduced energy consumption and improved public health. So, while we can't eliminate the urban heat island effect entirely, we can certainly reduce its intensity.