The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Early proponents argued that human behavior and societal development were largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions. However, this perspective lost favor in the mid-20th century due to its oversimplification and potential for justifying colonialism. Contemporary scholars instead advocate for 'possibilism', which posits that the environment offers a set of possibilities and constraints, but human agency and cultural innovation ultimately determine outcomes. For instance, while arid regions may limit agriculture, technological advancements like drip irrigation can overcome such barriers. This nuanced view acknowledges the environment's influence without reducing humans to passive recipients of natural forces. Recent research further emphasizes the role of globalization, which allows societies to mitigate environmental limitations through trade and knowledge exchange, thus complicating any direct causal link between environment and society.
❓ 지문에 따르면, 환경 결정론과 가능론의 주요 차이점은 무엇인가?
A. A) 결정론은 기후를 무시하는 반면, 가능론은 기후를 강조한다.
B. B) 결정론은 환경을 통제하는 요소로 보는 반면, 가능론은 환경을 인간의 선택이 작용하는 틀로 본다.
C. C) 결정론은 식민주의를 지지하는 반면, 가능론은 모든 기술을 거부한다.
D. D) 결정론은 건조 지역에 초점을 맞추는 반면, 가능론은 온대 지역에 초점을 맞춘다.
✅ 正确答案
B) Determinism sees environment as controlling, while possibilism sees it as a framework with human choice.
IELTS Reading Tips
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