The concept of 'environmental determinism,' which posits that human behavior and societal development are largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions, gained prominence in the early 20th century. However, this theory was later criticized for oversimplifying the complex interplay between nature and culture. Modern scholars argue that while geography can influence economic activities and settlement patterns, human innovation and technological advancement often mitigate or even override these constraints. For instance, the development of air conditioning enabled the rapid growth of cities in arid regions, such as Phoenix, Arizona, which would have been uninhabitable on a large scale without such technology. This example illustrates a shift from passive adaptation to active environmental modification, highlighting the dynamic relationship between societies and their surroundings.
❓ Какова основная мысль автора относительно экологического детерминизма?
A. A) Это точно объясняет всё развитие человеческого общества.
B. B) Это игнорирует роль человеческих инноваций в преодолении географических ограничений.
C. C) Это современная теория, которая заменила все более старые взгляды.
D. D) Он сосредоточен исключительно на влиянии технологий на окружающую среду.
✅ 正确答案
B) It ignores the role of human innovation in overcoming geographical limits.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first