The concept of 'cognitive load' refers to the total amount of mental effort being used in the working memory. In educational settings, instructional designers often aim to manage cognitive load to optimize learning. According to cognitive load theory, learning is hindered when the intrinsic complexity of the material, combined with the way it is presented, exceeds the learner's working memory capacity. This can occur when extraneous information is included, or when the material is not well-structured. However, by reducing extraneous load and focusing on essential elements, educators can facilitate schema construction. Recent studies suggest that multimedia presentations, when carefully designed, can reduce cognitive load by integrating verbal and visual information, thereby enhancing comprehension. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of such designs depends on individual differences, such as prior knowledge and spatial ability, which can moderate the benefits of reduced load.
❓ 根据这篇文章，阻碍学习的一个关键因素是什么？
A. A) 在教室中使用多媒体演示。
B. B) 在教学材料中纳入无关信息。
C. C) 个体的先前知识与空间能力。
D. D) 工作记忆中图式的构建。
✅ 正确答案
B) The inclusion of extraneous information in instructional materials.