The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Early proponents argued that human behavior and societal development were largely shaped by climatic conditions, suggesting that temperate regions fostered advanced civilizations while tropical climates hindered progress. However, this perspective was criticized for its Eurocentric bias and oversimplification of complex cultural dynamics. Modern research emphasizes 'possibilism', which posits that while the environment offers constraints and opportunities, human agency and technological innovation play a decisive role in shaping outcomes. For instance, the Netherlands has thrived despite its northern latitude and limited arable land through engineering and trade. Thus, contemporary scholars view the environment as one factor among many, not an absolute determinant.
❓ Каков основной аргумент современных исследователей относительно роли окружающей среды в человеческом обществе?
A. A. Окружающая среда строго определяет развитие общества.
B. B. Человеческое творчество и технологии могут преодолеть экологические ограничения.
C. C. Тропический климат по своей природе непригоден для развитых цивилизаций.
D. D. Экологические факторы не имеют отношения к прогрессу человечества.
✅ 正确答案
B. Human creativity and technology can overcome environmental limitations.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first