The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been a contentious topic in geography. Early proponents, such as Ellsworth Huntington, argued that climate and topography directly shaped the cognitive abilities and cultural development of human societies. However, this view was heavily criticized for its simplistic assumptions and potential for justifying colonialism. Modern geographers, like Jared Diamond, have refined this idea, suggesting that environmental factors, while not deterministic, can significantly influence the trajectory of civilizations by affecting agricultural productivity, disease prevalence, and access to trade routes. This nuanced perspective acknowledges human agency and technological innovation as intervening variables, yet it still sparks debate about the extent to which environment can constrain or enable societal progress.
❓ According to the passage, what is the main difference between early environmental determinism and the modern perspective?
A. A. Modern geographers reject any influence of environment on human societies.
B. B. Early determinism ignored climate and topography entirely.
C. C. Modern views consider human agency and technology as additional factors.
D. D. Early determinism was based on empirical evidence, while modern views are not.
✅ 正确答案
C. Modern views consider human agency and technology as additional factors.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
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