The concept of 'environmental determinism,' which posits that human behavior and societal development are largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions, has been largely discredited in modern geography. Critics argue that it oversimplifies the complex interplay between culture, technology, and environment. However, a more nuanced perspective, termed 'possibilism,' suggests that while the environment sets certain constraints, human agency and innovation play a pivotal role in overcoming these limitations. For instance, societies in arid regions have developed intricate irrigation systems, demonstrating that environmental challenges can spur technological advancement rather than dictate cultural outcomes. This shift from determinism to possibilism reflects a broader trend in social sciences toward acknowledging human adaptability and the non-linear relationship between nature and society.
❓ According to the passage, what is the main difference between environmental determinism and possibilism?
A. A) Determinism ignores technology, while possibilism emphasizes it as the sole factor.
B. B) Determinism views environment as a controlling force, while possibilism sees it as a limiting but surmountable factor.
C. C) Possibilism rejects all environmental influences, while determinism accepts them partially.
D. D) Both theories agree that human innovation is the primary driver of societal change.
✅ 正确答案
B) Determinism views environment as a controlling force, while possibilism sees it as a limiting but surmountable factor.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first