The concept of 'environmental determinism', which posits that human activity is largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions, has been largely discredited in modern geography. However, recent studies in climate history suggest a more nuanced relationship. For instance, the collapse of the Norse settlement in Greenland during the Little Ice Age is often cited as evidence of environmental constraints. Yet, archaeologists argue that cultural factors, such as resistance to adopting Inuit hunting techniques, were equally decisive. This has led to a new paradigm: 'possibilism', which acknowledges environmental influence but emphasizes human agency in adapting to or overcoming natural limitations. Possibilism does not deny the physical environment's role, but it rejects the idea of a unidirectional causal link, advocating instead for a complex interplay between nature and culture.
❓ 根据文章所述，环境决定论与可能论之间的主要区别是什么？
A. 可能论完全忽视环境因素，而决定论则将其置于优先地位。
B. 可能论承认环境的影响，但强调人类的选择，而决定论则将环境视为主要驱动力。
C. 可能论仅适用于像格陵兰这样的历史案例，而决定论则适用于现代社会。
D. 可能论关注文化变迁，而决定论则聚焦于气候变化。
✅ 正确答案
Possibilism recognizes environmental influence but stresses human choice, while determinism sees environment as the primary driver.