The concept of 'environmental justice' has evolved significantly over the past three decades, moving from a grassroots movement focused on local pollution disparities to a broader framework addressing global climate impacts. Initially, scholars like Robert Bullard highlighted how marginalized communities disproportionately bore the burden of toxic waste sites. However, recent research emphasizes that climate change exacerbates these inequities, as vulnerable populations in low-lying coastal areas face rising sea levels and extreme weather events without adequate adaptive capacity. This shift has prompted international policy debates, particularly regarding 'loss and damage' mechanisms, which aim to compensate developing nations for irreversible climate harms. Critics argue that such mechanisms lack clear legal binding and financial commitments, while proponents contend they represent a moral imperative. Ultimately, environmental justice now requires a multi-scalar approach, integrating local activism with transnational governance structures to address both historical injustices and future climate risks.
❓ Según el pasaje, ¿cuál es un desafío clave en la aplicación de la justicia ambiental al cambio climático?
A. El enfoque original en los sitios de desechos tóxicos ya no es relevante.
B. Los mecanismos internacionales de compensación carecen de obligaciones ejecutables.
C. Las comunidades costeras no están dispuestas a adaptarse al aumento del nivel del mar.
D. Los movimientos de base han sido reemplazados por la gobernanza global.
✅ 正确答案
International mechanisms for compensation lack enforceable obligations.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
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