The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Proponents argue that climate and terrain fundamentally shape human societies, influencing agricultural practices, economic development, and even cultural values. However, critics contend that this view oversimplifies complex human-environment interactions, ignoring the role of technological innovation and globalization. Recent studies suggest that while environmental factors can impose constraints, human adaptability often mitigates their impact. For instance, arid regions have developed advanced irrigation systems, and cold climates have fostered energy-efficient architecture. Thus, rather than a unidirectional causal relationship, the environment and human agency are mutually constitutive, with outcomes depending on historical context and societal choices.
❓ ¿Cuál es el argumento principal del pasaje respecto al determinismo ambiental?
A. A. Los factores ambientales determinan exclusivamente el desarrollo social.
B. B. Las sociedades humanas son completamente independientes de las restricciones ambientales.
C. C. La relación entre el medio ambiente y la sociedad es compleja y bidireccional.
D. D. La innovación tecnológica ha eliminado todas las influencias ambientales.
✅ 正确答案
C. The relationship between environment and society is complex and bidirectional.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first