The concept of 'cognitive load' refers to the total amount of mental effort being used in the working memory. In educational settings, instructional designers often aim to manage cognitive load to optimize learning. According to cognitive load theory, learning is hindered when the intrinsic load (complexity of the material) and extraneous load (how the material is presented) exceed the learner's capacity. However, recent research suggests that a moderate level of germane load, which involves processes like schema construction and automation, can enhance deep understanding. For instance, a study by Sweller and colleagues found that reducing extraneous load through worked examples improved problem-solving performance in novices, but had little effect on experts who already possessed well-structured schemas. This highlights that instructional effectiveness is not solely about reducing load, but about aligning the type and amount of load with the learner's prior knowledge.
❓ According to the passage, what is the key factor in making instruction effective?
A. A. Minimizing all types of cognitive load to avoid overload.
B. B. Balancing cognitive load types according to the learner's expertise.
C. C. Increasing germane load for all learners regardless of experience.
D. D. Using worked examples as the primary instructional method.
✅ 正确答案
B. Balancing cognitive load types according to the learner's expertise.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first